Alexis, czar of Russia

Alexis (əlĕk`sĭs) (Aleksey Mikhailovich) (əlyĭksyā` mēkhī`ləvĭch), 1629–76, czar of Russia (1645–76), son and successor of Michael. His reign, marked by numerous popular outbreaks, was crucial for the later development of Russia. A new code of laws was promulgated in 1648 and remained in effect until the early 19th cent.; it favored the middle classes and the landowners, but tied the peasants to the soil. The reforms of Patriarch Nikon Nikon (nē`kōn), 1605–81, Russian churchman, patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church (1652–66).
..... Click the link for more information. resulted in a dangerous schism in the Russian Church, and Nikon's deposition (1666) was a prelude to the abolition of the Moscow patriarchate in 1721. In 1654 the Cossacks Cossacks (kŏs`ăks, –əks), Rus. Kazaki, Ukr.
..... Click the link for more information. of Ukraine, led in revolt against Poland by Bohdan Chmielnicki Chmielnicki, Khmelnytskyy or Khmelnitsky, Bohdan
..... Click the link for more information. , voted for the union of Ukraine with Russia. War with Poland ensued and ended in 1667 with Russia retaining most of Ukraine. A serious revolt against the czar (1670) among the Don Cossacks under Stenka Razin Razin, Stenka (stĕng`kä rä`zēn), d. 1671, Don Cossack leader, head of the peasant revolt of 1670.
..... Click the link for more information. was quelled by 1671. Alexis was succeeded by his son Feodor III Feodor III, 1661–82, czar of Russia (1676–82), son and successor of Alexis . Although an invalid, Feodor strove to carry out reforms. In 1681 he abolished the system of precedence among the boyar families, whereby appointments in civil and military
..... Click the link for more information. . A younger son, by a second marriage, became Peter I Peter I or Peter the Great, 1672–1725, czar of Russia (1682–1725), major figure in the development of imperial Russia.

Early Life

..... Click the link for more information. (Peter the Great).

Alexis, Russian czarevich

Alexis (Aleksey Petrovich) (əlyĭksyā` pētrô`vĭch), 1690–1718, Russian czarevich; son of Peter I (Peter the Great) by his first wife, and father of Peter II Peter II, 1715–30, czar of Russia (1727–30). A grandson of Peter I and the son of the czarevich Alexis, he succeeded on the death of Catherine I.
..... Click the link for more information. . Opposing his father's anticlerical policy, Alexis renounced his right of succession and fled (1716) to Vienna. Peter, who feared that Alexis might win foreign backing, enticed him to return; he then had him arrested and tried for treason. Sentenced to death, Alexis died from the effects of torture shortly before his scheduled execution.

Alexis

Russian Aleksey Mikhaylovich

(born March 9, 1629, Moscow, Russia—died Jan. 29, 1676, Moscow) Tsar of Russia (1645–76). Son of Michael, the first Romanov monarch of Russia, Alexis acceded to the throne at age 16. He encouraged trade with the West, which brought an upsurge in foreign influences. During his reign the peasants were enserfed, the land assemblies fell into gradual disuse, the professional bureaucracy and regular army grew in importance, and patriarch Nikon's reforms of the Russian Orthodox church were adopted. Though reportedly warmhearted and popular, Alexis was a weak ruler who sometimes entrusted matters of state to incompetent favourites.

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